How Well Do We Know ENSO’s Climate Impacts over North America, and How Do We Evaluate Models Accordingly?

How Well Do We Know Bernoulli?

Näıve Bayes probabilistic models are widely used in text categorization because of their efficient model training and good empirical results. Bayesian classifiers face a common issue called data sparsity problem which makes an adequate estimation of probabilities a difficult task. Therefore, smoothing techniques are needed in order to adjust the maximum likelihood estimators. In this preliminar...

How do we know?

We know that every improvement is a change—but how do we know that a change is an improvement? Improvement experts and patients, each in their own terms, ask this question with appropriate impatience. 3 For example, how can valid conclusions be drawn when an improvement initiative employs no control population, or if the study employs predominantly qualitative measures? Indeed, some argue that ...

What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and How Can We Best Apply It?

Adequate Nutrition May get You Home: Effect of Caloric/Protein Deficits on the Discharge Destination of Critically Ill Surgical Patients 37 D. Dante Yeh, MD; Eva Fuentes, MD; Sadeq A. Quraishi, MD, MHA, MMScH; Catrina Cropano, MSc; Haytham Kaafarani, MD, MPH; Jarone Lee, MD, MPH; David R. King, MD; Marc DeMoya, MD; Peter Fagenholz, MD; Kathryn Butler, MD; Yuchiao Chang, PhD; and George Velmahos...

Do We Know What We Do not Know? A Response to Celine Bonnet

How do we know that we know what we know?

How Science Works’ is now the focus of the national science specifications in English schools. This article is a brief introduction to the philosophy of science from the Greeks to the present day that underpins this notion. From September 2006, the emphasis for teaching science at GCSE is on ‘How Science Works’. This focus will also shape the revisions of the AS and A2 specifications from Septe...